[COP] 1. decides to initiate a comprehensive process that allows the full, effective and sustainable implementation of the convention through long-term cooperation actions... by the questioning... Strengthening national/international climate change mitigation measures, including... Taking into account... The appropriate national measures to combat climate change implemented by the parties to developing countries in the framework of sustainable development, supported and made possible by technology, financing and capacity building, in a measurable, rectifiable and verifiable way... 11 The objective of the agreement is to reduce global warming described in Article 2, to "improve the implementation" of the UNFCCC and:[11] First, should future UNDPs provide information on the provision of financial aid, capacity building and technology transfer? It can be argued that climate finance, technology transfer and capacity building reinforce global ambitions to combat climate change and thus achieve the UNFCCC`s goal (Pickering et al. 2015); Rai et al. 2015).

However, developed countries have long believed that NDCs should not provide information on the provision of financial resources (IISD, 2014, 2018) and climate change guidelines adopted in Katowice, Poland in 2018 do not require funding for this purpose (UNFCCC, 2018). It can even be argued that there are other reporting formats for communicating on the provision of aid, including the new ex ante communication on climate finance, introduced in Article 9.5 of the Paris Agreement and the biennial transparency reports (the first of which is expected by the end of 2024) in accordance with Article 9.7 and Article 13.10. Although ex ante information probably serves a similar function to the one we are proposing here, the ex post information provided under the Paris Agreement`s transparency framework serves another purpose, namely to show whether donor countries are providing the support they have promised. In addition, it may be important for developing countries that, if they plan to increase their own ambitions at about the same time as developing countries, they receive significant assurances that they will support their NDCs. Finally, the inclusion of information on the granting of aid for 5 years - not every two years - probably reinforces the medium-term predictability of funding. One per cent of the revenue generated by the Emissions Trading Scheme is spent on a climate change adaptation fund for measures such as mangrove reforestation, dam construction and erosion control in mountainous regions of developing countries. According to the World Bank, about $10 billion (9.2 billion euros) has been invested in projects through the Fund and the Emissions Trading System. Asia and Africa face tough choices between raising living standards and limiting emissions While the Paris Agreement ultimately aims to limit global temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius this century, many studies evaluating the voluntary commitments of some countries in Paris show that the cumulative effects of these emission reductions will not be significant enough to keep temperatures below that ceiling.

Indeed, the targets set by the target countries should limit the future increase in temperature between 2.7 and 3.7 degrees Celsius. At the same time, recent assessments of countries` developments in the framework of their climate targets in Paris indicate that some countries are already not meeting their commitments.

[COP] 1. decides to initiate a comprehensive process that allows the full, effective and sustainable implementation of the convention through long-term cooperation actions... by the questioning... Strengthening national/international climate change mitigation measures, including... Taking into account... The appropriate national measures to combat climate change implemented by the parties to developing countries in the framework of sustainable development, supported and made possible by technology, financing and capacity building, in a measurable, rectifiable and verifiable way... 11 The objective of the agreement is to reduce global warming described in Article 2, to "improve the implementation" of the UNFCCC and:[11] First, should future UNDPs provide information on the provision of financial aid, capacity building and technology transfer? It can be argued that climate finance, technology transfer and capacity building reinforce global ambitions to combat climate change and thus achieve the UNFCCC`s goal (Pickering et al. 2015); Rai et al. 2015).

However, developed countries have long believed that NDCs should not provide information on the provision of financial resources (IISD, 2014, 2018) and climate change guidelines adopted in Katowice, Poland in 2018 do not require funding for this purpose (UNFCCC, 2018). It can even be argued that there are other reporting formats for communicating on the provision of aid, including the new ex ante communication on climate finance, introduced in Article 9.5 of the Paris Agreement and the biennial transparency reports (the first of which is expected by the end of 2024) in accordance with Article 9.7 and Article 13.10. Although ex ante information probably serves a similar function to the one we are proposing here, the ex post information provided under the Paris Agreement`s transparency framework serves another purpose, namely to show whether donor countries are providing the support they have promised. In addition, it may be important for developing countries that, if they plan to increase their own ambitions at about the same time as developing countries, they receive significant assurances that they will support their NDCs. Finally, the inclusion of information on the granting of aid for 5 years - not every two years - probably reinforces the medium-term predictability of funding. One per cent of the revenue generated by the Emissions Trading Scheme is spent on a climate change adaptation fund for measures such as mangrove reforestation, dam construction and erosion control in mountainous regions of developing countries. According to the World Bank, about $10 billion (9.2 billion euros) has been invested in projects through the Fund and the Emissions Trading System. Asia and Africa face tough choices between raising living standards and limiting emissions While the Paris Agreement ultimately aims to limit global temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius this century, many studies evaluating the voluntary commitments of some countries in Paris show that the cumulative effects of these emission reductions will not be significant enough to keep temperatures below that ceiling.

Indeed, the targets set by the target countries should limit the future increase in temperature between 2.7 and 3.7 degrees Celsius. At the same time, recent assessments of countries` developments in the framework of their climate targets in Paris indicate that some countries are already not meeting their commitments.

[COP] 1. decides to initiate a comprehensive process that allows the full, effective and sustainable implementation of the convention through long-term cooperation actions... by the questioning... Strengthening national/international climate change mitigation measures, including... Taking into account... The appropriate national measures to combat climate change implemented by the parties to developing countries in the framework of sustainable development, supported and made possible by technology, financing and capacity building, in a measurable, rectifiable and verifiable way... 11 The objective of the agreement is to reduce global warming described in Article 2, to "improve the implementation" of the UNFCCC and:[11] First, should future UNDPs provide information on the provision of financial aid, capacity building and technology transfer? It can be argued that climate finance, technology transfer and capacity building reinforce global ambitions to combat climate change and thus achieve the UNFCCC`s goal (Pickering et al. 2015); Rai et al. 2015).

However, developed countries have long believed that NDCs should not provide information on the provision of financial resources (IISD, 2014, 2018) and climate change guidelines adopted in Katowice, Poland in 2018 do not require funding for this purpose (UNFCCC, 2018). It can even be argued that there are other reporting formats for communicating on the provision of aid, including the new ex ante communication on climate finance, introduced in Article 9.5 of the Paris Agreement and the biennial transparency reports (the first of which is expected by the end of 2024) in accordance with Article 9.7 and Article 13.10. Although ex ante information probably serves a similar function to the one we are proposing here, the ex post information provided under the Paris Agreement`s transparency framework serves another purpose, namely to show whether donor countries are providing the support they have promised. In addition, it may be important for developing countries that, if they plan to increase their own ambitions at about the same time as developing countries, they receive significant assurances that they will support their NDCs. Finally, the inclusion of information on the granting of aid for 5 years - not every two years - probably reinforces the medium-term predictability of funding. One per cent of the revenue generated by the Emissions Trading Scheme is spent on a climate change adaptation fund for measures such as mangrove reforestation, dam construction and erosion control in mountainous regions of developing countries. According to the World Bank, about $10 billion (9.2 billion euros) has been invested in projects through the Fund and the Emissions Trading System. Asia and Africa face tough choices between raising living standards and limiting emissions While the Paris Agreement ultimately aims to limit global temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius this century, many studies evaluating the voluntary commitments of some countries in Paris show that the cumulative effects of these emission reductions will not be significant enough to keep temperatures below that ceiling.

Indeed, the targets set by the target countries should limit the future increase in temperature between 2.7 and 3.7 degrees Celsius. At the same time, recent assessments of countries` developments in the framework of their climate targets in Paris indicate that some countries are already not meeting their commitments.

[COP] 1. decides to initiate a comprehensive process that allows the full, effective and sustainable implementation of the convention through long-term cooperation actions... by the questioning... Strengthening national/international climate change mitigation measures, including... Taking into account... The appropriate national measures to combat climate change implemented by the parties to developing countries in the framework of sustainable development, supported and made possible by technology, financing and capacity building, in a measurable, rectifiable and verifiable way... 11 The objective of the agreement is to reduce global warming described in Article 2, to "improve the implementation" of the UNFCCC and:[11] First, should future UNDPs provide information on the provision of financial aid, capacity building and technology transfer? It can be argued that climate finance, technology transfer and capacity building reinforce global ambitions to combat climate change and thus achieve the UNFCCC`s goal (Pickering et al. 2015); Rai et al. 2015).

However, developed countries have long believed that NDCs should not provide information on the provision of financial resources (IISD, 2014, 2018) and climate change guidelines adopted in Katowice, Poland in 2018 do not require funding for this purpose (UNFCCC, 2018). It can even be argued that there are other reporting formats for communicating on the provision of aid, including the new ex ante communication on climate finance, introduced in Article 9.5 of the Paris Agreement and the biennial transparency reports (the first of which is expected by the end of 2024) in accordance with Article 9.7 and Article 13.10. Although ex ante information probably serves a similar function to the one we are proposing here, the ex post information provided under the Paris Agreement`s transparency framework serves another purpose, namely to show whether donor countries are providing the support they have promised. In addition, it may be important for developing countries that, if they plan to increase their own ambitions at about the same time as developing countries, they receive significant assurances that they will support their NDCs. Finally, the inclusion of information on the granting of aid for 5 years - not every two years - probably reinforces the medium-term predictability of funding. One per cent of the revenue generated by the Emissions Trading Scheme is spent on a climate change adaptation fund for measures such as mangrove reforestation, dam construction and erosion control in mountainous regions of developing countries. According to the World Bank, about $10 billion (9.2 billion euros) has been invested in projects through the Fund and the Emissions Trading System. Asia and Africa face tough choices between raising living standards and limiting emissions While the Paris Agreement ultimately aims to limit global temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius this century, many studies evaluating the voluntary commitments of some countries in Paris show that the cumulative effects of these emission reductions will not be significant enough to keep temperatures below that ceiling.

Indeed, the targets set by the target countries should limit the future increase in temperature between 2.7 and 3.7 degrees Celsius. At the same time, recent assessments of countries` developments in the framework of their climate targets in Paris indicate that some countries are already not meeting their commitments.